The Marburg virus, a highly infectious pathogen causing viral hemorrhagic fever, is one of the deadliest known viruses with a fatality rate ranging from 24% to 90%.
First identified in 1967 in Europe, the virus shares many characteristics with the Ebola virus, and outbreaks have predominantly occurred in Africa.
It is transmitted to humans through contact with fruit bats, specifically the Rousettus aegyptiacus species, or direct exposure to bodily fluids of infected individuals.
In 2024, Rwanda reported its first outbreak of the virus. Below is a detailed breakdown of Marburg virus outbreaks, transmission patterns, symptoms, treatment options, and Rwanda’s efforts to control the spread.
Here below is a timeline of Global and African Marburg Outbreaks
1. Germany and Yugoslavia (1967)
– The first recorded Marburg virus outbreak occurred in Marburg and Frankfurt (Germany) and Belgrade (Yugoslavia).
– It was linked to laboratory workers exposed to infected African green monkeys imported from Uganda.
– Outcomes: 31 cases with 7 deaths (23% fatality rate).
2. Kenya (1980, 1987)
– Two small but significant outbreaks were traced to Kitum Cave on Mount Elgon.
– 1980: 2 cases, both fatal (100% fatality rate).
– 1987: 1 case, 1 death (100% fatality rate).
3. Democratic Republic of Congo (1998-2000)
– A large outbreak affected gold miners in Durba, northeastern DRC.
– Outcomes: 154 cases, 128 deaths (83% fatality rate).
4. Angola (2004-2005)
– The deadliest Marburg outbreak occurred in Uíge Province, Angola, lasting over a year.
– Outcomes: 252 cases, 227 deaths (90% fatality rate).
5. Uganda (2007, 2012, 2017)
– Uganda experienced several outbreaks, all with varying degrees of transmission.
– 2007: 4 cases, 2 deaths (50% fatality rate).
– 2012: 24 cases, 15 deaths (62% fatality rate).
– 2017: 3 cases, 3 deaths (100% fatality rate).
6. Guinea (2021)
– The first confirmed Marburg case in West Africa emerged in a village near the Sierra Leone and Liberia borders.
– Outcomes: 1 case, 1 death.
7. Ghana (2022)
– Another first-time outbreak in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.
– Outcomes: 2 cases, both fatal.
8. Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania (2023)
– Simultaneous outbreaks in two nations.
– Equatorial Guinea: 35 cases, 27 deaths (77% fatality rate).
– Tanzania: 9 cases, 6 deaths (67% fatality rate).
Rwanda’s 2024 Marburg Outbreak
– First appearance: Rwanda reported its first cases in September 2024, marking the country’s initial encounter with the virus.
– Statistics as of September 2024: 26 confirmed cases, including 8 deaths (as of September 30).
– Response measures: Immediate quarantine of affected individuals, rigorous contact tracing, and public education campaigns.
– Ministry of Health statements: Dr. Sabin Nsanzimana, Rwanda’s Minister of Health, highlighted ongoing efforts to trace the origin of the outbreak while reassuring the public that health officials are prioritizing containment strategies.
Transmission, Symptoms, and Risk Factors
– Transmission: Marburg virus is primarily transmitted from fruit bats (specifically Rousettus aegyptiacus) to humans. Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with blood, secretions, or other bodily fluids of infected individuals.
– Incubation period: 2 to 21 days post-exposure.
– Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhagic symptoms in severe cases.
Treatment and Prevention Efforts
– No approved treatment or vaccine exists for the Marburg virus, making supportive care the primary approach.
– Rehydration therapy and symptom management are crucial.
– Several vaccine candidates are in development, but none are available for public use.
Rwanda’s Response and Containment Strategies
– Public health measures: Hygiene practices, handwashing, avoiding physical contact are key measures.
– Government commitment: Rwanda has mobilized resources to ensure all infected individuals receive care, with the government covering costs.
– WHO support: Regional experiences with Marburg indicate swift containment is possible with close cooperation.
